Not all sniffles are allergies: How to know the difference 

The University of Kentucky Public Relations & Strategic Communications Office provides a weekly health column available for use and reprint by news media. This week’s column is by Dylan Spencer, Pharm.D., pharmacist manager at the UK HealthCare Pharmacist Care Clinic. 

LEXINGTON, Ky. (May 4, 2026) — Spring in Kentucky often brings beautiful blooms, warmer temperatures and more time outdoors. It also brings something many people know all too well — sneezing, congestion, runny noses and itchy eyes. When symptoms strike, it can be hard to know whether you are dealing with seasonal allergies or the start of a cold or other illness. Knowing the difference can help you choose the right treatment and feel better faster. 

Seasonal allergies happen when your immune system reacts to allergens such as tree pollen, grass, mold or other environmental triggers. In the spring, pollen is one of the most common culprits. Allergy symptoms often begin quickly after spending time outdoors or after exposure to triggers. Common symptoms include frequent sneezing, clear runny nose, nasal congestion, itchy throat and itchy or watery eyes. Some people may also experience fatigue or headaches due to congestion and poor sleep. 

One key sign of allergies is itchiness. Itchy eyes, nose, ears or throat are much more common with allergies than with a cold. Allergy symptoms also tend to linger for days or weeks, especially during peak pollen season. Symptoms may improve indoors or on rainy days when pollen counts are lower, then flare up again after outdoor activity. 

A cold, on the other hand, is caused by a virus. Symptoms often develop more gradually over a day or two. In addition to congestion and runny nose, colds may cause sore throat, cough, body aches, mild fever and general fatigue. It may be helpful to use mucus color as an indicator. Yellow or green mucus is a sign that the body is fighting an infection (viral or bacterial) and can help identify that you have an illness and not just allergies. Most colds improve within seven to 10 days. If fever is present, illness is more likely than allergies. 

Fortunately, there are several ways to manage seasonal allergies. Over-the-counter antihistamines can help reduce sneezing, runny nose and itching. Nasal steroid sprays may be especially helpful for congestion when used consistently. Saline nasal rinses can also help flush pollen and irritants from the nose. Your pharmacist can help recommend an option based on your symptoms, age and any other medications you take. 

Sometimes symptoms need medical attention. Talk with a pharmacist or health care provider if symptoms are severe, last longer than expected, interfere with sleep or daily activities, or do not improve with over-the-counter treatment. Seek care promptly if you develop wheezing, shortness of breath, high fever or significant facial pain. 

This spring, remember that not all sniffles are allergies. A few clues can help you tell the difference, and the right treatment plan can help you get back to enjoying the season.